PlantLife Volume 59.10, July 2025. Toxicodendron succedaneum: An Invasive Beauty

Toxicodendron succedaneum: An Invasive Beauty

by: Errol Douwes (1,2), Anna Mieke van Tienhoven, Nokuphila Buthelezi (1), Monica Ndlovu (1)

1 Biodiversity Management Department, eThekwini Municipality, Durban, South Africa.

2 School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.

 

The coastal city of Durban, situated within eThekwini Municipality, can be considered a lush paradise of tropical trees and plants. So, in June and July, a sudden glimpse of brilliant yellow, orange and red leaves of deciduous trees,  typical of cooler autumn climates, may come as an unexpected but pleasant surprise. Many such trees, such as Liquidambars, London planes and Japanese maples were introduced to South Africa specifically for their spectacular autumn foliage (Van der Spuy, 1954). Amongst these introductions was the Wax tree, or Japanese wax tree (Toxicodendron succedaneum) (Rojas-Sandoval, 2016). 

Figure 1. Autumn leaves of T succedaneum (Photo R. Boon)

It is a pretty tree (Figure 1), with beautiful scarlet autumn foliage (Gillis, 1971) and rapid growth, and was widely promoted in the 1950’s as a popular choice for ornamental gardens and landscapes (Rojas-Sandoval, 2016; Van der Spuy, 1954).

Although beautiful as a horticultural subject (even in summer)(Figure 2), it is a

striking example of a non-native tree that can damage local ecosystems and pose

risks to human health. Like poison ivy and poison oak, also in the Anacardiaceae

family, it is toxic, which may have led to its losing favour as a garden plant (Bromilow, 2010) in South Africa.

Figure 2. Leaves of T. succedaneum in summer

 While it is no longer intentionally planted, there are records of the tree from various parts of South Africa (Figure 3). There are at least 80 records of T. succedaneum occurring in eThekwini Municipality (Figure 4). Many of these are in natural areas such as Giba Gorge, Krantzkloof, Edgecliff and Msinsi (EThekwini Municipality, 2024). It is spreading fastest in the Hillcrest and upper Highway area of Durban (Figure 5), where seedlings have recruited in gardens (Figure 6) and hedges, along roadsides and fence lines (Figure 7) and in natural areas.

Occurrence data for T. succedaneum in South Africa was sourced from field surveys (EThekwini Municipality, 2024), the SAPIA database (Henderson, 2017) and iNaturalist (iNaturalist, 2025).

Figure 3. Known distribution of T. succedaneum in South Africa. The highest densities are in KwaZulu-Nata, and specifically in eThekwini Municipality. The tree in the Western Cape is a known garden specimen. 

Figure 4. Known distribution of T. succedaneum in eThekwini Municipality, with the highest densities in the Upper Highway area.

Figure 5. T. succedaneum distribution in Kloof, Winston Park and the broader Upper Highway areas within eThekwini Municipality (only wards with higher densities are shown).

Figure 6. One of several seedlings found in a garden in Winston Park.

Figure 7. Small tree growing on fence line.

T. succedaneum is currently listed in South Africa as a Category 1b invasive species and recognized as a potential ecosystem transformer, as well as having toxic properties (DEAT, 2004; Henderson, 2020). The common name, wax tree, refers to the commercially important wax that the plant yields (Gurav et al., 2022) but some local gardeners and tree fellers in the outer western suburbs of Durban, know it as the “rhus” tree. This is likely because it was once classified in that plant genus. Importantly, very few of the locally indigenous (previously) Rhus, now classified as Searsia, plants are considered toxic. 

T. succedaneum is a deciduous tree, that typically grows between 4–6 m tall, occasionally reaching up to 18 m in its native range, and has glossy green leaves. It is dioecious (Gillis, 1971), with male and female flowers on separate plants (Lloyd & Webb, 1977). It has creamy white or yellow-green flowers (Crosby, 2004; Taylor, 1991) that are pollinated by bees. The fruits (Figure 8) are 5–10 mm long and 7–11 mm across (CISS, 2024), and have an aesthetic appeal (Taylor, 1991). Seeds are dark brown in colour, almost round (sub-globular) in shape, and 3–5 mm across (CISS, 2024). 

Figure 8. T succedaneum in fruit.

Although human-induced introduction (e.g. sale of ornamental plants) is the main reason for the wide distribution of the species, a key factor driving further spread of T. succedaneum is the plant's reproductive biology. Its apparent adaptability has allowed the tree to establish in many areas outside its native range in Japan and eastern Asia (Rojas-Sandoval, 2016; WOA, 2021). In addition to South Africa, T. succedaneum has been introduced to, and is naturalised in, Australia, Brazil, Cuba and New Zealand (CISS, 2024; GBIF, 2024; Lozano et al., 2015; McAlpine & Howell, 2024), The plant thrives in diverse environments, from disturbed areas and forest margins to stream banks and steep hillsides (Rojas-Sandoval, 2016).

Birds and other animals that consume the fruits can disperse the seeds over wider areas (Bitani et al., 2022; Gillis, 1971). This form of seed dispersal, combined with the plant's ability to produce copious amounts of seeds, has facilitated its expansion across new territories. Two of us (Douwes and Van Tienhoven, pers. obs. 2025) observed several thick-billed weaver birds (Amblyospiza albifrons albifrons) feeding (Figure 9) on ripe T. succedaneum fruit in a tree in Hillcrest (Durban). Further research is needed to confirm if these birds transport seeds. The thick‐billed weaver’s specialization in seed crushing suggests that they may not play a role in viable seed dispersal (Craig & De Juana, 2020) but this needs to be investigated.

Figure 9 (a, b, c) Thick-billed weaver feeding on T. succedaneum fruit in a tree in Hillcrest (December 2024).

As T. succedaneum takes root in new South African environments, its impact on indigenous ecosystems could be profound. In eThekwini Municipality, invasive alien plants pose a threat in most vegetation types (Appalasamy et al., 2020; McLean et al., 2025). The KwaZulu-Natal Sandstone Sourveld ecosystem (Brown & Bredenkamp, 2018; Dayaram et al., 2019; Mucina & Rutherford, 2011), which is critically endangered (Boon et al., 2016; Chan, 2024; McLean et al., 2025), is of particular concern. That T. succedaneum is already present in this ecosystem is cause for concern. Certain invasive plants, termed ‘transformers’, have the ability to alter the character, condition or form of an ecosystem (Hastings et al., 2007; Richardson et al., 2000). Any increase in shading from trees with dense canopies typically limits the growth of indigenous grassland plants (Venter et al., 2018) or reduces their ability to regenerate (Stewart et al., 2020). As a potential transformer, T. succedaneum could outcompete native vegetation for resources, displace local flora and ultimately alter the landscape (Henderson, 2020). Such disruptions impact not only on indigenous plant diversity but also the diversity of pollinators, herbivores and higher predators.

Moreover, dense stands of certain invasive species can transform habitats by altering soil composition and hydrology of affected areas (Holmes, 2005; Hughes et al., 2005; Stock et al., 1995) and therefore monitoring of T. succedaneum for such tendencies would be important. If the tree does alter soil conditions, then nutrient levels may disadvantage indigenous species that are adapted to nutrient-poor soils and favour further invasions. The shift in vegetation structure may alter fire dynamics (Venter et al., 2018), with a possible increase in the number of hot, intense fires that can damage fire-adapted grassland species (Boon et al., 2016). Although currently no empirical evidence exists for high water demand by T. succedaneum, excessive moisture demands can reduce groundwater availability, as has been found for other invasive species in the region (Van Wilgen et al., 2022). The combined and cascading impacts could accelerate the loss of KwaZulu-Natal Sandstone Sourveld, an already highly fragmented system that is experiencing rapid habitat degradation (Boon et al., 2016; Odindi et al., 2016). Further research is needed to understand and quantify the threats to biodiversity and ecosystem functions and loss of endemic species.

In its native range, people recognise diverse uses of the very toxic T. succedaneum compounds, that range from furniture varnish to an ingredient in medicinal chicken soup (CISS, 2024; Gurav et al., 2022). However, the serious health risks to humans and animals can become especially apparent outside the tree’s native range. All parts of T. succedaneum contain urushiol (DPIRSA, 2021), a potent allergenic oil that can cause severe skin irritation, blisters (Figure 10) and respiratory problems upon contact (Gillis, 1971; Gurav et al., 2022; Monroe, 2020). Urushiol can remain active for several months, contaminating tools, clothing and even pet hair (Gladman, 2006; Rademaker & Duffill, 1995). Symptoms from contact, which may only appear several days after exposure, can persist for several weeks (Tanner, 2000). Even the smoke produced by burning part of the tree, contains urushiol that can cause respiratory ailments if inhaled (Gladman, 2006).

Figure 10. Rash on the wrist, after unintentional contact with T. succedaneum by one of us (AM van Tienhoven) while weeding in the garden. This was the third time such a reaction had occurred and each time the reaction was worse.

Given the challenges posed by T. succedaneum, scientists and land managers have attempted various strategies to curb its spread and mitigate its impacts (NSW WeedWise, 2014). Mechanical removal methods, such as cutting and hand-pulling, have proven somewhat successful but require significant time and resources, rendering them unsuitable for large-scale control efforts (NSW WeedWise, 2014). The toxicity of the tree makes it difficult and potentially dangerous to handle without proper protective gear (NSW WeedWise, 2014). The use of herbicide (Bromilow, 2010; NSW WeedWise, 2014) has shown some promise in controlling T. succedaneum populations. Stem injections with glyphosate or triclopyr can kill the plant without causing extensive environmental damage. Basal bark treatment, which involves applying herbicide (Bromilow, 2010; NSW WeedWise, 2014) directly onto the stems, is another viable method, particularly for actively growing trees and shrubs. Yet, while these chemical interventions may seem more efficient than manual removal, they too come with potential risks and drawbacks, such as environmental contamination and unintended impacts on non-target species (Mehdizadeh et al., 2021).

Although the larvae of several moth species, including Eteoryctis deversa, are reported to feed on the leaves of T. succedaneum (Rojas-Sandoval, 2016), the cited sources only indicate E. deversa as feeding on Rhus spp. (Kumata et al., 1988; Meyrick, 1922). There is no available documentation recommending the use of an insect for biological control for this species. Control of an invasive plant through ‘biocontrol’ may involve introducing a natural enemy (e.g. an herbivorous insect) to reduce its ability to grow or spread (De Lange & Van Wilgen, 2010; Zachariades et al., 2017). Typically, biocontrol agents require careful evaluation (Delfosse, 2005) to ensure they don’t become invasive themselves or harm native species. It is likely that a multifaceted approach would be needed to manage T. succedaneum invasions effectively. Reduction and prevention of further introductions (Palma et al., 2021) or range expansion would be a priority. Raising public awareness (Haley et al., 2023) about the plant's dangers could help and strict importation and sales regulations would be needed to limit spread. In areas where the plant is already well-established, a combination of mechanical and chemical control efforts may be necessary to control its population growth.

Although the potent toxicity and invasive nature of T. succedaneum is gaining recognition, a better understanding of impacts on South African natural environments is still needed. To this end, a detailed Risk Analysis is currently underway in South Africa, as per the Risk Analysis for Alien Taxa (RAAT) framework (Wilson & Kumschick, 2024). This will be reviewed by an independent scientific body, namely the Alien Species Risk Analysis Review Panel (ASRARP), with input from taxon-specific experts (Wilson & Kumschick, 2024). In conclusion, T. succedaneum’s striking beauty belies its potential for invasion in indigenous ecosystems and it could pose a severe health risks to people and animals.

Acknowledgements

John Wilson and Michael Cheek are thanked for providing distribution data for T. succedaneum extracted from the Southern African Plant Invaders Atlas (Henderson, 2017) database.

EThekwini Municipality is thanked for providing distribution data for T. succedaneum.

About the authors:

Errol is Senior Manager of Restoration Ecology at eThekwini Municipality. He's also an honorary research fellow at the University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, where he collaborates with researchers and students to advance restoration science. As Practitioner Editor for the Ecological Solutions and Evidence journal, he guides and encourages ecology practitioners to publish their work. In his spare time he enjoys hiking, birdwatching, photography, writing, and spending time with family.

Nokuphila is a Project Manager in the Biodiversity Management Department at eThekwini Municipality, oversees large-scale ecosystem restoration programmes aimed at restoring ecological functionality and enhancing the quality of life for local communities.

Monica is a conservationist both in her career and at heart. Currently, she works as a research assistant for the eThekwini Municipality’s Biodiversity Management Department. Monica’s main responsibility is sampling biodiversity within the city to contribute to an international biodiversity sampling project known as LIFEPLAN.

Anna Mieke van Tienhoven has a BSc Botany (Wits) and an MSc in Environmental Geochemistry (UCT). She worked at the CSIR and the National Association for Clean Air before joining her forester husband in Uganda and Swaziland. With a special interest in alien invasive plants, Mieke now serves as a volunteer for environmental organisations.

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